A complete list of GNU/Linux commands.

Control and Access Commands

• exit ➜ End session, ie shell (more help typing man sh or man csh )
• logout ➜ Logout, ie log off the current session, but only in C shell and bash shell
• passwd ➜ Change our user password
• rlogin ➜ Log in securely to another Unix/Linux
• ssh segura Secure session, comes from secure shell , and allows us to login to a server via ssh protocol
• slogin ➜ Safe Version of rlogin
• yppasswd ➜ Change our user password on yellow pages

Communications Commands

• mail ➜ Send and receive emails
• mesg ➜ Allow or deny terminal messages and talk requests
• pine ➜ Another way to send and receive emails, a quick and convenient tool
• talk ➜ Talk to other users who are currently logged in
• write ➜ Write to other users who are currently logged in

Help and Documentation Commands

• apropos ➜ Finds commands by keyword search
• find ➜ Find files, such as find . -name *.txt -printfind . -name *.txt -print , for searching text files among current directory files
• info ➜ Launches the information explorer
• man muito Very complete manual, looks for information about all the commands we need to know, such as man find
• whatis ➜ Describes what a given command is
• whereis ➜ Find the man page , source code, or binary files for a given program.

Text Editing Commands

• emacs screen-oriented text editor
• pico ➜ screen-oriented text editor, also called nano
• sed ➜ stream-oriented text editor
• vi ➜ full-screen text editor
• vim ➜ Improved full-screen text editor

File and Directory Management Commands

• cd ➜ Change current directory, such as cd diretoria , cd .. , cd /
• chmod ➜ Change protection of a file or directory, such as chmod 777 , similar to MS-DOS attrib
• chown ➜ Change the owner or group of a file or directory comes from change owner
• chgrp ➜ Change the group of a file or directory
• cmp ➜ Compare two files
• comm ➜ Select or reject lines common to two selected files
• cp ➜ Copy files such as MS-DOS copy
• crypt ➜ Encrypt or Decrypt files ( CCWF only)
• diff ➜ Compare the contents of two ASCII files.
• file ➜ Determines the file type
• grep ➜ Searches for a file by default, being a very useful and used filter, for example a cat a.txt | grep hellocat a.txt | grep hello will show us only the lines of the a.txt file that contain the word “hello”
• gzip ➜ Compress or expand files
• ln ➜ link to a file
• ls ➜ List the contents of a directory, similar to the dir command in MS-DOS
• lsof ➜ Lists open files, comes from list open files
• mkdir ➜ Create a board, come from make diretory”
• mv ➜ Move or rename files or directories
• pwd ➜ Show us the full path of the board we are in at any given time, ie pathname
• quota ➜ Show us disk usage and limits
• rm ➜ Delete files, come from remove , and similar to del command in MS-DOS , be careful with rm * command as it deletes everything without default confirmation
• rmdir ➜ Delete directories, come from remove diretory
• stat ➜ Shows the state of a file, useful for knowing for example the time and date of last access to it
• sync fl flush file system buffers , synchronize data on disk with memory, ie write all data in memory buffers to disk
• sort ➜ Sort, merge or compare text and can be used to extract information from text files or even to sort data from other commands such as listing files sorted by name
• tar ➜ Create or extract files, often used as a file backup or compression program
• tee ➜ Copy input to standard output and other files
• tr ➜ Translate characters
• umask ➜ Changes default file protections
• uncompress ➜ Restore a compressed file
• uniq ➜ Report or delete repeated lines in a file
• wc ➜ Count lines, words and even characters in a file

Viewing or Printing Files

• cat ➜ Shows the contents of a file, such as the MD-DOS type command, and is also cat a.txt b.txt > c.txt” para juntar o arquivo a.txt e b.txt num único de nome c.txt used to concatenate files, such as making cat a.txt b.txt > c.txt” for merge file a.txt e b.txt in a only name c.txtcat a.txt b.txt > c.txt” for merge file a.txt and b.txt in a only name c.txt
• fold ➜ Shortens, ie fold long lines to fit output device
• head ➜ Shows the first lines of a file, such as with head -10 a.txt , or used as a filter to show only the first x results of another command.
• lpq ➜ Examine printer spooling queue
• lpr ➜ Print a file
• lprm ➜ Remove jobs from printer spooling queue
• more ➜ Shows the contents of a file, but only one screen at a time, or even output from other commands, such as ls | morels | more
• less ➜ Works like more , but with fewer features , fewer features and potential uses.
• page ➜ Works similar to more command, but displays screens reversed to more command
• pr ➜ Pages a file for later printing
• tail ➜ works in reverse of the head command, shows us the last lines of a file or even the output of another command when used as a filter
• zcat ➜ Show us a compressed file
• xv ➜ Used to display, print or even manipulate images
• gv ➜ Display ps and pdf files
• xpdf ➜ Display pdf files, use gv

File Transfer Commands

• ftp ➜ Comes from file transfer protocol , and allows us, using the ftp file transfer protocol , to transfer files between multiple hosts on a network, such as uploading to an ftp server to upload or pull files

• rsync ➜ Quickly and flexibly synchronizes data between two computers
• scp ➜ rcp secure version

News or Network Commands

• netstat ➜ Shows network status
• rsh ➜ Run a shell on other UNIX systems
• ssh ➜ rsh secure version
• nmap_port-scan ➜ to view open ports on a given host
• ifconfig ➜ View our machine ips , among other ips related functions
• ping ➜ ping a particular host , ie send icmp packets to a given host and measure response times, among other things

Process Control Commands

• kill ➜ Kills a process, such as kill -kill 100 or kill -9 100 or kill -9 %1
• bg ➜ Put a suspended process in the background
• fg ➜ Unlike bg , fg brings back a process to the foreground
• jobs ➜ Allows us to view running jobs , when we run a background application, we can see this job with this command, and end it with a kill -9 %1 command, if it’s job number 1, for example
• top ➜ List the processes that most cpu use, useful for checking which processes are causing excessive memory usage, and how much percentage of cpu each uses at any given time.
• ^y ➜ Suspend process on next input request
• ^z ➜ Suspend current process

State Information Commands

• clock ➜ Sets the processor time
• date ➜ Displays the date and time
• df ➜ Displays a summary of free disk space
• du ➜ Displays a summary of disk space usage
• env ➜ Display environment variables
• finger ➜ Search user information
• history ➜ Lists the last commands used, very useful to remember also which commands were used to do a certain action in the past or what was done at a certain time.
• last ➜ Indicates last user login
• lpq ➜ Examine the spool queue
• manpath ➜ Shows the search path for man command pages
• printenv Print environment variables
• ps ➜ List the list of running processes, useful to know the pid of a process to send it below with the kill command, among other things
• pwd ➜ Show us the full path of the board we are in at any given time, ie pathname
• set ➜ Set session variables, ie shell , C shell , bash or ksh
• spend ➜ List ACITS UNIX costs to date
• time ➜ Measure program execution time
• uptime ➜ Tell us how long the system has been up, when it was turned on and its uptime
• w ➜ Show us who is on the system or what command each job is running
• who ➜ Show us who is logged in
• whois ➜ Internet domain directory service, lets us know information about certain domains on the Internet, when a domain was registered, when it expires, etc.
• whoami ➜ Tell us who owns the shell

Word Processing Commands

• abiword ➜ Open Source Word Processor
• addbib ➜ Create or modify bibliographic databases
• col ➜ Reverts the filter to line feeds
• diction ➜ Identify sentences with words
• diffmk ➜ Mark differences between files
• dvips ➜ Convert TeX DVI files to PostScript files
• explain ➜ Explains phrases found by diction program
• grap pic graphics processor used for elementary data analysis tasks
• hyphen ➜ Find words with hyphens
• ispell ➜ Check spelling interactively
• latex ➜ Formats text in LaTeX , which is based on TeX
• pdfelatex ➜ For LaTeX documents in pdf format
• latex2html ➜ Convert LaTeX to html
• lookbib ➜ Find bibliographic references
• macref ➜ Create a cross-reference listing nroff/troff macro files
• ndx ➜ Create an index page for a document.
• neqn ➜ Formats math with nroff
• nroff ➜ Formats text for simple display.
• pic ➜ Produces simple images for troff input
• psdit ➜ Filters output troff for Apple LaserWriter
• ptx ➜ Create permuted indexing but not CCWF
• refer ➜ Insert references from bibliographic databases
• roffbib run off a bibliographic database
• sortbib ➜ Sort a bibliographic database
• spell ➜ Spelling errors
• style ➜ Analyzes the surface characteristics of a document
• tbl ➜ Format tables for nroff/troff
• tex ➜ Formats text
• tpic ➜ Convert pic source files into TeX commands
• wget ➜ Allows us to download full web pages with all files easily and non-interactively, without requiring user presence, respecting the robots.txt file.

Web

• html2ps ➜ html to ps converter
• latex2html LaTeX to html Converter
• lynx ➜ Text mode based web browser, ie a web browser that allows us to open all kinds of pages by viewing only the text and links , not seeing the images, and therefore quite fast, but it requires practice to be handled
• netscape ➜ Netscape web Browser
• sitecopy ➜ Application that allows us to easily and remotely maintain web sites
• weblint html syntax and style weblint

Thanks for reading!

commands linux gnu

Marcos Oliveira

Software developer

https://github.com/terroo