Large List of GNU/Linux Commands by Categories
A complete list of GNU/Linux commands.
A complete list of GNU/Linux commands.
Control and Access Commands
exit
➜ End session, ieshell
(more help typingman sh
orman csh
)logout
➜ Logout, ie log off the current session, but only inC shell
andbash shell
passwd
➜ Change our userpassword
rlogin
➜ Log in securely to anotherUnix/Linux
ssh
segura Secure session, comes fromsecure shell
, and allows us to login to a server viassh
protocolslogin
➜ Safe Version ofrlogin
yppasswd
➜ Change our userpassword
onyellow pages
Communications Commands
mail
➜ Send and receive emailsmesg
➜ Allow or deny terminal messages andtalk requests
pine
➜ Another way to send and receive emails, a quick and convenient tooltalk
➜ Talk to other users who are currently logged inwrite
➜ Write to other users who are currently logged in
Help and Documentation Commands
apropos
➜ Finds commands by keyword searchfind
➜ Find files, such asfind . -name *.txt -print
find . -name *.txt -print
, for searching text files among current directory filesinfo
➜ Launches the information explorerman
muito Very complete manual, looks for information about all the commands we need to know, such asman find
whatis
➜ Describes what a given command iswhereis
➜ Find theman page
, source code, or binary files for a given program.
Text Editing Commands
emacs
screen-oriented
text editorpico
➜screen-oriented
text editor, also callednano
sed
➜stream-oriented
text editorvi
➜full-screen
text editorvim
➜ Improvedfull-screen
text editor
File and Directory Management Commands
cd
➜ Change current directory, such ascd diretoria
,cd ..
,cd /
chmod
➜ Change protection of a file or directory, such aschmod 777
, similar toMS-DOS
attrib
chown
➜ Change the owner or group of a file or directory comes fromchange owner
chgrp
➜ Change the group of a file or directorycmp
➜ Compare two filescomm
➜ Select or reject lines common to two selected filescp
➜ Copy files such asMS-DOS
copy
crypt
➜ Encrypt or Decrypt files (CCWF
only)diff
➜ Compare the contents of twoASCII
files.file
➜ Determines the file typegrep
➜ Searches for a file by default, being a very useful and used filter, for example acat a.txt | grep hello
cat a.txt | grep hello
will show us only the lines of the a.txt file that contain the word “hello”gzip
➜ Compress or expand filesln
➜link
to a filels
➜ List the contents of a directory, similar to thedir
command inMS-DOS
lsof
➜ Lists open files, comes fromlist open files
mkdir
➜ Create a board, come frommake diretory”
mv
➜ Move or rename files or directoriespwd
➜ Show us the full path of the board we are in at any given time, iepathname
quota
➜ Show us disk usage and limitsrm
➜ Delete files, come fromremove
, and similar todel
command inMS-DOS
, be careful withrm
* command as it deletes everything without default confirmationrmdir
➜ Delete directories, come fromremove diretory
stat
➜ Shows the state of a file, useful for knowing for example the time and date of last access to itsync
flflush
file systembuffers
, synchronize data on disk with memory, ie write all data in memorybuffers
to disksort
➜ Sort, merge or compare text and can be used to extract information from text files or even to sort data from other commands such as listing files sorted by nametar
➜ Create or extract files, often used as a file backup or compression programtee
➜ Copyinput
tostandard output
and other filestr
➜ Translate charactersumask
➜ Changes default file protectionsuncompress
➜ Restore a compressed fileuniq
➜ Report or delete repeated lines in a filewc
➜ Count lines, words and even characters in a file
Viewing or Printing Files
cat
➜ Shows the contents of a file, such as theMD-DOS
type
command, and is alsocat a.txt b.txt > c.txt” para juntar o arquivo a.txt e b.txt num único de nome c.txt
used to concatenate files, such as makingcat a.txt b.txt > c.txt” for merge file a.txt e b.txt in a only name c.txt
cat a.txt b.txt > c.txt” for merge file a.txt and b.txt in a only name c.txt
fold
➜ Shortens, iefold
long lines to fitoutput
devicehead
➜ Shows the first lines of a file, such as withhead -10 a.txt
, or used as a filter to show only the firstx
results of another command.lpq
➜ Examine printerspooling queue
lpr
➜ Print a filelprm
➜ Removejobs
from printerspooling queue
more
➜ Shows the contents of a file, but only one screen at a time, or evenoutput
from other commands, such asls | more
ls | more
less
➜ Works likemore
, but with fewerfeatures
, fewer features and potential uses.page
➜ Works similar tomore
command, but displays screens reversed tomore
commandpr
➜ Pages a file for later printingtail
➜ works in reverse of thehead
command, shows us the last lines of a file or even theoutput
of another command when used as a filterzcat
➜ Show us a compressed filexv
➜ Used to display, print or even manipulate imagesgv
➜ Displayps
andpdf
filesxpdf
➜ Displaypdf
files, usegv
File Transfer Commands
ftp
➜ Comes fromfile transfer protocol
, and allows us, using theftp
file transfer protocol
, to transfer files between multiplehosts
on a network, such as uploading to anftp
server to upload or pull files
rsync
➜ Quickly and flexibly synchronizes data between two computersscp
➜rcp
secure version
News or Network Commands
netstat
➜ Shows network statusrsh
➜ Run ashell
on otherUNIX
systemsssh
➜rsh
secure versionnmap_port-scan
➜ to view open ports on a givenhost
ifconfig
➜ View our machineips
, among otherips
related functionsping
➜ping
a particularhost
, ie sendicmp
packets to a givenhost
and measure response times, among other things
Process Control Commands
kill
➜ Kills a process, such askill -kill 100
orkill -9 100
orkill -9 %1
bg
➜ Put a suspended process in thebackground
fg
➜ Unlikebg
,fg
brings back a process to theforeground
jobs
➜ Allows us to view runningjobs
, when we run abackground
application, we can see thisjob
with this command, and end it with akill -9 %1
command, if it’sjob
number 1, for exampletop
➜ List the processes that mostcpu
use, useful for checking which processes are causing excessive memory usage, and how much percentage ofcpu
each uses at any given time.^y
➜ Suspend process on nextinput
request^z
➜ Suspend current process
State Information Commands
clock
➜ Sets the processor timedate
➜ Displays the date and timedf
➜ Displays a summary of free disk spacedu
➜ Displays a summary of disk space usageenv
➜ Display environment variablesfinger
➜ Search user informationhistory
➜ Lists the last commands used, very useful to remember also which commands were used to do a certain action in the past or what was done at a certain time.last
➜ Indicates last userlogin
lpq
➜ Examine thespool queue
manpath
➜ Shows the searchpath
forman
command pagesprintenv
Print environment variablesps
➜ List the list of running processes, useful to know thepid
of a process to send it below with thekill
command, among other thingspwd
➜ Show us the full path of the board we are in at any given time, iepathname
set
➜ Set session variables, ieshell
,C shell
,bash
orksh
spend
➜ ListACITS UNIX
costs to datetime
➜ Measure program execution timeuptime
➜ Tell us how long the system has been up, when it was turned on and itsuptime
w
➜ Show us who is on the system or what command eachjob
is runningwho
➜ Show us who is logged inwhois
➜ Internet domain directory service, lets us know information about certain domains on the Internet, when a domain was registered, when it expires, etc.whoami
➜ Tell us who owns theshell
Word Processing Commands
abiword
➜Open Source
Word Processoraddbib
➜ Create or modify bibliographic databasescol
➜ Reverts the filter toline feeds
diction
➜ Identify sentences with wordsdiffmk
➜ Mark differences between filesdvips
➜ ConvertTeX DVI
files toPostScript
filesexplain
➜ Explains phrases found bydiction
programgrap
pic
graphics processor used for elementary data analysis taskshyphen
➜ Find words with hyphensispell
➜ Check spelling interactivelylatex
➜ Formats text inLaTeX
, which is based onTeX
pdfelatex
➜ ForLaTeX
documents inpdf
formatlatex2html
➜ ConvertLaTeX
tohtml
lookbib
➜ Find bibliographic referencesmacref
➜ Create a cross-reference listingnroff/troff
macro filesndx
➜ Create an index page for a document.neqn
➜ Formats math withnroff
nroff
➜ Formats text for simple display.pic
➜ Produces simple images fortroff input
psdit
➜ Filtersoutput
troff
forApple LaserWriter
ptx
➜ Create permuted indexing but notCCWF
refer
➜ Insert references from bibliographic databasesroffbib
run off
a bibliographic databasesortbib
➜ Sort a bibliographic databasespell
➜ Spelling errorsstyle
➜ Analyzes the surface characteristics of a documenttbl
➜ Format tables fornroff/troff
tex
➜ Formats texttpic
➜ Convertpic source
files intoTeX
commandswget
➜ Allows us to download full web pages with all files easily and non-interactively, without requiring user presence, respecting therobots.txt
file.
Web
html2ps
➜html
tops
converterlatex2html
LaTeX
tohtml
Converterlynx
➜ Text mode basedweb
browser, ie aweb browser
that allows us to open all kinds of pages by viewing only the text andlinks
, not seeing the images, and therefore quite fast, but it requires practice to be handlednetscape
➜Netscape
web
Browsersitecopy
➜ Application that allows us to easily and remotely maintainweb sites
weblint
html
syntax and styleweblint
Thanks for reading!
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